Alamo. Monument, San Antonio, Texas, United States

 Alamo, (Spain: "Cottonwood") 18th century Franciscan mission in San Antonio, Texas, A.S., that is the site of historic resistance efforts by a small group of fighters determined for Mexico (1836) from Mexico.

The building was originally the San Antonio de Valero mission chapel, which was established between 1716 and 1718 by Franciscan. Before the end of this century, the mission had been abandoned and the buildings fell into partial destruction. After 1801 the chapel was occupied sporadically by Spanish forces. Apparently, during that period the old chapel became popularly known as "The Alamo" because of the clump of cotton trees where it stood.

In December 1835, at the opening of the Texas Revolution (Texas Independence War), the Texas volunteer detachment, many of which were the recent arrival of the United States, encouraged Mexican forces from San Antonio and occupied Alamo. Some Texas leaders - including Sam Houston, who have named the commander of the Texas army a month before - advising the neglect of San Antonio as impossible to survive with the small body of the forces available, but a group of volunteers in Alamo refused to retire from their exposed positions. On February 23, 1836, the Mexican army, with a variety of estimated 1,800 to 6,000 men and was ordered by General Antonio López de Santa Anna, arriving from the south of Rio Grande and immediately began to surround Alamo. Estimates of the size of the power of small defense (including some of the next arrivals) usually vary between 183 and 189 men, although some historians believe that the number might be greater. Forced was ordered by Colonel James Bowie and William B. Travis and included the famous border Davy Crockett. At the beginning of the siege, Travis was sent "to the Texas people & all Americans in the world" a fake letter requesting support. For 13 days the Alamo defenders survived, but on the morning of March 6 Mexicans stormed a violation on the outer wall of the yard and flooded the Texas forces. Santa Anna has ordered that no prisoners were taken, and almost all defenders were killed (only around 15 people, most women and children, congratulations). Mexicans also suffer from severe victims; The credible report shows between 600 and 1,600 dead and maybe 300 injured.

Even though the defenders of Texas suffered defeat, siege in Alamo became a symbol of heroic resistance. On April 21, 1836, when Houston and the power of around 900 people directed 1,200-1,300 Mexicans under Santa Anna at the Battle of San Jacinto, Texas's forces shouted, "Remember Alamo!" The battle battle popularized was then used by US soldiers in the Mexican-American war (1846-48).

Over the years after the 1845-year-old Texas was annexed by the United States - Alamo was used by US forces for ranking forces and storing supplies. In 1883 the state of Texas bought Alamo, and in 1903 it obtained a degree for the remaining land of the old mission. Alamo and its adjacent buildings have been restored and maintained as a historic site of the country. They are managed every day by the Princess of the Republic of Texas (1891), a women's organization consisting of the descendants of Texas pioneers. In 2015 Alamo along with four other 18th century Spanish missions nearby and the historic farm to the southeast in Floresville collectively set the UNESCO World Heritage Site.

San Antonio, City, Chair (1837) from Bexar Regency, Texas South-Central, U.S. Located in Hulu Sungai San Antonio at Balcones Escarpment, about 80 miles (130 km) southwest of Austin. The second most populous city in Texas, it is the focus of the metropolitan area that includes Heights Alamo, Bukit Castle, Converse, Kirby, Leon Valley, Live Oak, Schertz, Terrell Hills, Universal City, and Windcrest. Inc. 1809. City area, 412 square miles (1,067 square kilometers). Pop. (2010) 1,327,407; The San Antonio Metro area, 2,142,508; (2020) 1,434,625; San Antonio-New Braunfels Metro Area, 2,558,143.

History

Spain explorer first visited the site, then a camp Indian Payaya, in 1691. San Antonio was established on 1, 1718 May 1718, when the Spanish expedition from Mexico established the San Antonio de Valero mission. Mission, then called Alamo (Spain: "Cottonwood"), is one of five which was established in the area and named for St. Anthony of Padua. On May 5 Presidio (Garrison Military) known as San Antonio de Béxar was established nearby. This site, on the west bank of the river, is a place that stops on the road through the Texas wilder forest between the mission in Rio Grande and those in East Texas.

In 1731 settlers from the Canary Islands put the city of San Fernando de Béxar near the Presidio, where the civil community has been planned when presidio and mission was established. During the early years the settlement suffered an attack by Apache and the Tribe of Comanche. The mission was grouped in 1793 and became a military post. San Fernando de Béxar functions as the provincial capital from 1773 to 1824, but in the following years the political authorities were reduced. In 1837, when it became the County Chair of the Republic of Texas, has changed its name to San Antonio.

At the time of Mexican independence in 1821, San Antonio, along with Goliad and Nacogdoches, one of the three Spanish communities founded in Texas. In the summer of the year, Stephen Austin arrived in the city - then the chair of the Spanish government in Texas - to follow up on permits obtained by his father to enter 300 u. Family to the region. In December 1835, at first the Texas Revolution, Texas forces occupied Alamo. They remained there until March 1836, when they were slaughtered by Mexican forces under General Antonio López de Santa Anna after siege 13 days. Presidio no longer exists with the independence of Texas in April.

In 1836 San Antonio was still a famous city of Texas, with around 2,500 residents. It grew rapidly after independence, led by a large number of German immigrants. Over the last few decades of the 19th century San Antonio, as a starting point for Chisholm Trail, became the main livestock center, where livestock gathered for land drive to the train in Kansas.

The city quickly became a southwest commercial center. The arrival of the first train in 1877 carried migrants from South America, and Mexican immigrants settled there after the start of the Mexican Revolution in 1910. San Antonio was the main military center during World War I and II, the factor continues to dominate its economy in the next few decades. In 1968 the world's exposition, known as Hemisfair, was held there to commemorate the 250-year anniversary of the city and to celebrate its cultural bond with Latin America. In 1981 Henry Cisneros was chosen as the first Hispanic Mayor in the city since the mid-19th century; Cisneros served until 1989. In 2001 Ed Garza was chosen as the Hispanic Mayor of the second modern era and was in office until 2005.

Contemporary city.

The San Antonio character is a colorful blend of Mexican culture and Texas. It is 150 miles (240 km) from the Mexican border in Laredo, on one of the most traveling routes to Mexico. Most of the population (around three perime) is Hispanic descent (especially Mexico), and many speak Spanish or bilingual. It maintains a lot of historical atmosphere and includes its cultural diversity. The remnants of the 18th century Spanish structure dot city, in contrast to modern office buildings.

Military installations are mostly a rapid growth of San Antonio after 1940. Fort Sam Houston (1879), in the city, is the US Fifth Army Headquarters and is a national cemetery and the health science academy, the Army Primary School. for medical personnel. Nearby there are three air force bases a.s. Lackland, Randolph, and Brooks. Lackland, in the southwest of the city, is a training basis for recruitment. Randolph, in the suburbs to the northeast, is the headquarters of air education and training orders. Brooks, in the southeastern part of the city, is the School of Aerospace Medicine site. The first air base in the region, Kelly (founded 1917), was closed in 2001, and the site was rebuilt for business use.

In addition to the military, the main component of the San Antonio economy is education, health care and medical research, business and financial services, and - the most important - tourism. Manufacturing includes aerospace equipment, textiles, semiconductors, industrial machinery, and shoes; There are also oil refineries. Agricultural production in this area includes livestock, poultry, peanuts (peanuts), sorghum, vegetables, and greenhouse plants; Processing and research on agricultural products is also important. Most of the trade between Mexico and the United States passed the Interstate Area San Antonio highway system. The city also has an international airport.

San Antonio is a chair of St. Mary's University (1852), Trinity University (1869), University of Word Incarnate (1881), Lady of the Lake University (1896), St. Philip's College (1898), San Antonio College (1925), and Texas University in San Antonio (1969). The University of Texas University Health Center is also there.

River road, or Paseo del Rio, is the center of San Antonio. Winding through the city center area, landscape banks are coated with shops and restaurants. San Antonio National Historical Park Mission (Established in 1978) Maintain Spanish Mission Nuestra Señora de la Concepción de Acuña, San José Y San Miguel de Aguayo, San Juan Capistrano, and San Francisco de la Espada. The park, with a total area of ​​around 1.3 square miles (3.3 square kilometers), is located along the mission line, which starts in Alamo and extends 9 miles (14 km) southeast along the San Antonio River. State Casa Navarro's historic site preserved home (c. 1848) from José Antonio Navarro, a Mexican statesman who supported the independence of Texas. Other historical sites include the famous Alamo (maintained as a historic site of the country), the Spanish governor's palace reconstructed (1749), and La Villita (part of the reconstructed Spanish settlement). Alamo, four missions in the National Historical Park, and Rancho de Las Cabras to the southeast in Floresville (also part of the National Historical Park) collectively determined the UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2015.

Hemisfair Park, world fair site, associated with downtown on the banks of the river and used for conventions and exhibitions; The Texas Cultural Park Institute traced the Texas nationality, and the American tower, as high as 750 feet (229 meters), was the city landmark. The San Fernando Cathedral (completed 1873) was a chair of a bishop 'Roman Catholic users. Marion Koogler McNay Art Museum contains a famous collection of modern French paintings, and the Witte Museum accommodates Texas artifacts. The San Antonio Art Museum has a collection of Latin American art, and Museo Alameda, which is affiliated with the Smithsonian institution, dedicated to Latin American culture. The city also has dozens of music, dances, and theater organizations, including professional symphony. SeaWorld San Antonio includes a vehicle entertainment and animal exhibition and sea animal exhibition. Alamodome (1993) is a convention site, concerts and sports events. The city professional basketball team, Spurs, is one of the most successful NBA franchises of the 21st century. The San Antonio zoo, which includes aquarium, is a popular attraction. Annual event includes Rodeo (February), Fiesta San Antonio (April), and the Folklife Texas Festival (June).